Governing body of jehovahpercent27s witnesses - The Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses has continued to give a good lead during the service year in caring for the interests of Jehovah’s kingdom earth wide. The Governing Body holds weekly meetings, with all the committees represented, to discuss matters presented to it by the various Branch Committees and to consider recommendations ...

 
The Governing Body. 953 likes. The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses claims to speak for God . Ios 6

Listen to Livestream: Governing Body Member Of Jehovah's Witnesses, Anthony Morris, Removed From Position and 150 more episodes by Ex-Jehovah's Witnesses-Critical Thinkers » Critical Thought Podcast, free! No signup or install needed. Meet Daria! Your Best Free Therapy Session After Leaving the Jehovah's Witnesses.Raymond Franz was a member of the Governing Body in the 1970's, before leaving and writing the book Crisis of Conscience. I was in email correspondence with Franz regarding jwfacts.com in 2005 when Geoffrey Jackson was made a member of the Governing Body. This prompted me to ask about the motives of Governing Body members and was fortunate to ...Image taken from The Watchtower. 5/15/55.pg301. (How CT Russell Appears To The Governing Body When Channeling New Info). Through the vast array of the Watchtower Society's ever changing doctrines, the only doctrine that remains consistent is the spiritistic claim to be Jehovah's mouthpiece. This elitist claim is the Jehovah's Witnesses are sincere people genuinely striving to do God's will in their lives. Like us, they go about their daily routines, struggle with life's concerns, and engage in spiritual ...Sep 13, 2021 · The Governing Body oversees a vast global real estate portfolio, including Kingdom Halls built by congregations around the world. The Australian branch owns at least 440 properties including a sprawling headquarters in western Sydney. Last year, it reported an income of more than $32 million. This means that 0.236% of Jehovah's Witnesses have died of Covid-19, over 4 times higher than the global rate in August 2021 of 0.051%. In December, the 2021 Governing Body Update #10 announced that 25,658 Jehovahs Witnesses have died due to Covid 19. Sadly, this trend is affecting Jehovah's Witnesses around the world.Leo Greenlees. Governing Body member Leo K. Greenlees was forced to resign and leave Bethel in late 1984. He entered the Toronto, Canada Bethel in 1936, eventually becoming treasurer of the Canadian branch and of the IBSA of Canada. In 1964 he went to Brooklyn Bethel, and in 1965 was elected as a director of the Society's New York corporation.Feb 28, 2023 · Nearly three years later, he was asked to serve as a member of the Jehovah’s Witnesses Governing Body. He served in the role for more than 17 years, starting in 2005 and continuing until his ... Here again, this would describe the work of the governing body. In speaking of the "faithful discreet slave class," from which come the members of the Jehovah's Witnesses Governing body, the Watchtower publication Qualified to be Ministers states, "But since the Lord's return, their responsibilities have been enlarged. The 'slave' class has ...As for the GB's official allowance.It means nothing when you have all the. resources of the Corporation at your disposal. My understanding is that the governing body hold equal shares in the. privately held Watchtower corporations. Considering they each receive $14. per month in compensation and are in their 70's, 80's and 90's, I challenge.A Letter From the Governing Body. Dear Fellow Kingdom Publisher: PICTURE yourself as a member of the Brooklyn Bethel family on Friday morning, October 2, 1914. You are seated at your usual place at the breakfast table, awaiting the arrival of Brother C. T. Russell. Suddenly the door to the dining room opens and Brother Russell appears.Jan 6, 2011 · Open Letter to the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Dear Brothers, I served for 7 years as an Elder in the Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses. I recently relinquished this privilege for the following reasons: 1. My whole life I was taught that Armageddon is going to be here any moment and is imminent. On february 22, 2023, anthony morris iii was officially removed from the governing body of jehovah's witnesses. the organization made the announcement via a short notice on its website. Jehovah S Witness Leader Preaches Against Tight Pants Says Gays Are Pushing Them Audio. Jehovah S Witness Leader Preaches Against Tight Pants Says Gays Are ...Aug 12, 2022 · The degree of uniformity in the organization’s literature can be attributed to the Writing Committee, the committee charged with articulating the policies of the “Governing Body,” a group of eight men based at their world headquarters who, since 1971, has determined the policies and procedures to Jehovah’s Witnesses, allowing the “Society,” shorthand for The Watch Tower Bible and ... Jan 25, 2020 · The governing body of Jehovah’s Witnesses continue to deny the findings of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Despite the above cited statement published by the Child Abuse Royal Commission, Bennett QC and Gibson wrote in their commissioned report to Watchtower Australia and the Jehovah’s Witnesses organisation that, The Governing Body. 953 likes. The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses claims to speak for GodJehovah’s witnesses long believed that the end of the world would come before all their precious anointed 144,000 died. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that to be a member of their governing body one has to be anointed. The eldest member of the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses was born in 1935. The remaining members were all born after ...They make up the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. These spirit-anointed men oversee the Kingdom work and the spiritual feeding program. As in the first century, though, the Governing Body does not consult with each individual member of the slave class before making decisions. (Read Acts 16:4, 5.It wasn’t always full. The Governing Body was using tools made for reaching God, to reach demons, it was so diabolical. The only woman she remembers involved in any of this was Brother Sydlik’s wife. She was dressed like the harlot of Babylon The Great. She remembers she was nice to her. Morris married his wife Susan in December 1971 and they have two children, Jesse and Paul. Jesse Morris is a member of the U.S. Branch Committee of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Soon after his father was expelled from the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jesse appeared on JW Broadcasting as part of the 153rd Gilead Graduation.Sep 25, 2012 · Now, this is a vague parable at best, but JWs cling to this interpretation fervently: In Christ’s figurative household, the Governing Body of the Watchtower Society claims to be that “slave” who provides spiritual “food” to the “domestics” who are members of the anointed class specifically, but can be extended to include the entire membership of JWs. Sep 23, 2015 · In another California lawsuit against the Witnesses last year, one of the organization’s top leaders, Governing Body member Gerrit Lösch, refused to testify. In that case, a San Diego court looked at allegations that an elder named Gonzalo Campos had sexually abused a Jehovah’s Witness boy named Jose Lopez in the 1980s. The Governing Body is deeply touched and encouraged to see that God’s people around the world have been busier than ever as they keep pace with Jehovah’s organization. Many have moved to serve where the need is greater. Others have moved into a new avenue of service, such as a foreign-language field. Many have tried a form of witnessing ...The Witness also told my family the Governing Body uses Nelson's new age energy healings regularly. There's other practitioners Nelson taught this energy healing system to, as well, and they recruit ailing members in the Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Halls, to this day, and "heal" them, without interference from the elders.The Governing Body members who lead the Service Committee are Samuel Herd, Gerrit Lösch, Anthony Morris, and Mark Sanderson. Gary Breaux. Service Department & Translation Department Overseer, Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses Vice-President & Former Watchtower New York Vice-President & Secretary/Treasurer.Mar 8, 2023 · JW Governing Body @jwgoverningbody Jehovah’s Witness congregation in Rockport that threatened to sue family if they reported the abuse to law enforcement - to hold special open house event March 10, at the newly renovated Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses at 335 Rockville St., in Rockport The Governing Body Is Not Inspired. The Watchtower is ruled by a group of men called “The Governing Body” who rule with an iron fist. These 7 men are according to Jehovah Witnesses as “anointed ones” they’re responsible for all doctrines believed by the Jehovah Witnesses. While they say the bible is their ultimate authority it’s ...The Governing Body is deeply touched and encouraged to see that God’s people around the world have been busier than ever as they keep pace with Jehovah’s organization. Many have moved to serve where the need is greater. Others have moved into a new avenue of service, such as a foreign-language field. Many have tried a form of witnessing ... Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The Governing Body, an all-male group with varying membership sizes but eight members as of January 2018, is in charge of running the organization. It is housed in the headquarters of Watchtower Society’s Warwick, New York.Dec 2, 2022 · 2022 Governing Body Update #8. A Governing Body member encourages us to be ready to adapt when Jehovah’s chariot moves. He also helps us to appreciate the benefits of in-person meetings. All Governing Body members take vows to Lucifer, they promise to bring Lucifer one blood sacrifice per year. They don’t want JWs to die just because of a disease, but they want it to be as bloody as possible. The younger the victim, the better, the bloodier, the better. The more the person suffers, the better. Nov 15, 2018 · The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society listed the book value of its assets as $1,451,217,000 on its 2015 IRS Form 990-T. This places the Jehovah’s Witnesses into the same “billion dollar plus” cult status as the Church of Scientology. Click here to see $1.7 billion in Scientology assets. In its 2013 990-T, the The Watchtower Bible and ... Sep 21, 2021 · The Governing Body, like every other religion out there—Christian or non-Christian—wants you to think that the only way to gain God’s favor is by doing what the men at the head of the church tell you to do, whether it be a church, synagogue, mosque, or organization they want you to listen to them and they want you to support them with your money which inevitably makes them rich. The Witness also told my family the Governing Body uses Nelson's new age energy healings regularly. There's other practitioners Nelson taught this energy healing system to, as well, and they recruit ailing members in the Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Halls, to this day, and "heal" them, without interference from the elders.We are happy to help those interested in the Bible or in our worldwide work. Use one of the following options to contact Jehovah’s Witnesses in your area. Request a visit from one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a location of the next annual Memorial observance. Find a convention of Jehovah’s ...ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses. This page was last edited on 16 March 2023, at 04:58. All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. The Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses has continued to give a good lead during the service year in caring for the interests of Jehovah’s kingdom earth wide. The Governing Body holds weekly meetings, with all the committees represented, to discuss matters presented to it by the various Branch Committees and to consider recommendations ... The Governing Body is deeply touched and encouraged to see that God’s people around the world have been busier than ever as they keep pace with Jehovah’s organization. Many have moved to serve where the need is greater. Others have moved into a new avenue of service, such as a foreign-language field. Many have tried a form of witnessing ...Jehovah's Witnesses are sincere people genuinely striving to do God's will in their lives. Like us, they go about their daily routines, struggle with life's concerns, and engage in spiritual ...In 1943 The Watchtower described the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as the "legal governing body" of anointed Jehovah's Witnesses.[15] A year later, in an article opposing the democratic election of congregation elders, the magazine said the appointment of congregation servants was the duty of "a visible governing body under Jehovah God and his Christ."[16] For several years, the role and ...This means that 0.236% of Jehovah's Witnesses have died of Covid-19, over 4 times higher than the global rate in August 2021 of 0.051%. In December, the 2021 Governing Body Update #10 announced that 25,658 Jehovahs Witnesses have died due to Covid 19. Sadly, this trend is affecting Jehovah's Witnesses around the world.Jehovah’s Witnesses – Background Jehovah’s Witnesses are a Christian religion with 8,201,545 active members in 115,416 congregations in 239 lands. In 2014, a total of 19,950,019 attended the annual religious event commemorating the Memorial of Christ’s Death. The ‘Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses’ is During the presidencies of Nathan H. Knorr and Frederick W. Franz, there were no black or Hispanic leaders among Jehovah’s Witnesses, aside from a few rank and file elders and circuit overseers. It was not until 1999 that a black man, Samuel Herd, was appointed to the position of Governing Body member.Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The Governing Body, an all-male group with varying membership sizes but eight members as of January 2018, is in charge of running the organization. It is housed in the headquarters of Watchtower Society’s Warwick, New York.The Governing Body, like every other religion out there—Christian or non-Christian—wants you to think that the only way to gain God’s favor is by doing what the men at the head of the church tell you to do, whether it be a church, synagogue, mosque, or organization they want you to listen to them and they want you to support them with ...How important is 607 B.C.E. to Witness belief? Without 607, the 1914 invisible presence of Christ didn’t happen. Without 607, the last days didn’t begin in 1914. Without 607, there can be no generation calculation. Without 607, there can be no claimed 1919 appointment of the Governing Body as the Faithful and Discreet Slave (Mt 24:45-47).13) The symbol of the new Jerusalem in Freemasonry represents ancient Freemasonry, that is, the ancient founders of Freemasonry. 14.) For Jehovah’s Witnesses, the saints united with the lamb Jesus Christ in heaven constitute the symbolic new Jerusalem, in the transient sense of the 144,000 chosen in the earthly visible organization (their governing body), not the actual city.All Governing Body members take vows to Lucifer, they promise to bring Lucifer one blood sacrifice per year. They don’t want JWs to die just because of a disease, but they want it to be as bloody as possible. The younger the victim, the better, the bloodier, the better. The more the person suffers, the better.Changed Date Doctrine 1800s. This article covers some of the lesser known failed predictions and changed date doctrine of the Watchtower Society. For many decades the Watchtower taught that the last days started in 1799, Jesus' invisible presence commenced in 1874 and the world would end in 1914. This article outlines over 20 dates no longer ...v. t. e. Raymond Victor Franz (May 8, 1922 – June 2, 2010) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses from October 20, 1971, until his removal on May 22, 1980, [1] [2] and served at the organization's world headquarters for fifteen years, from 1965 until 1980. Franz stated the request for his resignation and his subsequent ... In recent decades, that slave has been closely identified with the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Note, however, that the word “slave” in Jesus’ illustration is singular, indicating that this is a composite slave. The decisions of the Governing Body are thus made collectively. 13) The symbol of the new Jerusalem in Freemasonry represents ancient Freemasonry, that is, the ancient founders of Freemasonry. 14.) For Jehovah’s Witnesses, the saints united with the lamb Jesus Christ in heaven constitute the symbolic new Jerusalem, in the transient sense of the 144,000 chosen in the earthly visible organization (their governing body), not the actual city. It wasn’t always full. The Governing Body was using tools made for reaching God, to reach demons, it was so diabolical. The only woman she remembers involved in any of this was Brother Sydlik’s wife. She was dressed like the harlot of Babylon The Great. She remembers she was nice to her. The Witness also told my family the Governing Body uses Nelson's new age energy healings regularly. There's other practitioners Nelson taught this energy healing system to, as well, and they recruit ailing members in the Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Halls, to this day, and "heal" them, without interference from the elders.A Letter From the Governing Body. Dear Fellow Kingdom Publisher: PICTURE yourself as a member of the Brooklyn Bethel family on Friday morning, October 2, 1914. You are seated at your usual place at the breakfast table, awaiting the arrival of Brother C. T. Russell. Suddenly the door to the dining room opens and Brother Russell appears.If you look in the section: Noteworthy Events in the Modern-day History of Jehovah’s Witnesses you will find that from 1870 - 1916 there was no Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. There was only Pastor Russell whom the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses renamed years after the man passed away by Jehovah's Witnesses (without his consent ...Jan 14, 2020 · On 11 November 2019 a new Jehovah’s Witnesses company, “Kingdom Support Services (Australasia) Limited” (KSSA), was registered in Australia to “promote throughout Australasia the advancement of the Christian religion as understood and taught by the ecclesiastical Governing Body” and to “co-operate with or provide financial assistance to persons having similar aims and purposes and ... All Governing Body members take vows to Lucifer, they promise to bring Lucifer one blood sacrifice per year. They don’t want JWs to die just because of a disease, but they want it to be as bloody as possible. The younger the victim, the better, the bloodier, the better. The more the person suffers, the better.Raymond Franz was a member of the Governing Body in the 1970's, before leaving and writing the book Crisis of Conscience. I was in email correspondence with Franz regarding jwfacts.com in 2005 when Geoffrey Jackson was made a member of the Governing Body. This prompted me to ask about the motives of Governing Body members and was fortunate to ...So between 1992 and 1998 I engaged in correspondence over a few such matters with the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York. I directed my questions straight to the top from the word go, as the 12 men who make up the Governing Body are the only 12 Jehovah's Witnesses on the planet allowed to think for themselves.Image taken from The Watchtower. 5/15/55.pg301. (How CT Russell Appears To The Governing Body When Channeling New Info). Through the vast array of the Watchtower Society's ever changing doctrines, the only doctrine that remains consistent is the spiritistic claim to be Jehovah's mouthpiece. This elitist claim is the Aug 11, 2017 · The Governing Body does not allow us to give relative obedience. The apostles stood before the secular authority of the nation of Israel which coincidentally was also the spiritual Governing Body of that nation—a nation chosen by God, his people. Yet, they boldly proclaimed: “We must obey God as ruler rather than men.”. So if that's true, before there was a Governing Body of Jehovah's witnesses in 1914, Jesus came invisibly and either chose the remaining anointed to be the faithful and discreet slave (who were NOT Jehovah's Witnesses), chose Pastor Russell with his pagan teachings (per the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses standards) as his Faithful and Discreet Slave, or he chose a "soon to be organization ... We are happy to help those interested in the Bible or in our worldwide work. Use one of the following options to contact Jehovah’s Witnesses in your area. Request a visit from one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a location of the next annual Memorial observance. Find a convention of Jehovah’s ... May 6, 2015 · Here is what Jehovah has said in full: “Be stunned and amazed; blind yourselves and be blinded. They are drunk, but not with wine; they are staggering, but not from alcohol. For Jehovah has poured a spirit of deep sleep on you; he has closed your eyes, the prophets, and he has covered your heads, the visionaries.”. – Isaiah 29:9-10. The Governing Body. 953 likes. The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses claims to speak for God A New Member of the Governing Body. ON Wednesday morning, January 24, 2018, the United States and Canada Bethel families enjoyed hearing a special announcement: Brother Kenneth Cook, Jr., had been added to the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Brother Cook was born and raised in south-central Pennsylvania, U.S.A.So between 1992 and 1998 I engaged in correspondence over a few such matters with the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York. I directed my questions straight to the top from the word go, as the 12 men who make up the Governing Body are the only 12 Jehovah's Witnesses on the planet allowed to think for themselves.It wasn’t always full. The Governing Body was using tools made for reaching God, to reach demons, it was so diabolical. The only woman she remembers involved in any of this was Brother Sydlik’s wife. She was dressed like the harlot of Babylon The Great. She remembers she was nice to her.On Wednesday, February 22, 2023, it was announced at World Headquarters that Brother Anthony Morris III is no longer serving as a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Evidently, his removal was due to disciplinary action. This should indicate to believers that they should not trust the Governing Body.ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses. This page was last edited on 16 March 2023, at 04:58. All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Jul 18, 2014 · Always the fashionista amongst the Governing Body members, Mr. Stephen Lett recently showed us how even an older man can display a certain swagger, a certain je ne sais quoi that says, "I'm one of the anointed, and you're not!" He does this in so many ways, but the one I want to draw our attention to is the way he rocked the theocratic fashion ... 2021 Governing Body Update #6. A Governing Body member reassures older ones of Jehovah’s love and support. This video also includes an update on theocratic construction during the pandemic.The Governing Body, like every other religion out there—Christian or non-Christian—wants you to think that the only way to gain God’s favor is by doing what the men at the head of the church tell you to do, whether it be a church, synagogue, mosque, or organization they want you to listen to them and they want you to support them with ...In Barbara Grizutti Harrison's book, "Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of the Jehovah's Witnesses," she points out the American bias in the religion. They can deny it all they like, but it's as American as the red, white and blue.Open Letter to the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Dear Brothers, I served for 7 years as an Elder in the Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses. I recently relinquished this privilege for the following reasons: My whole life I was taught that Armageddon is going to be here any moment and is imminent. Jan 10, 2022 · (Rebuttals Sushi no. 265 - Reviewing the 2021 Annual Meeting - Part 4 of 4) Apparently the biggest concern among Jehovah's Witnesses is not how abusive and c... chapters 7 and 14. Members of the Governing Body do not consider themselves to be infallible, but all Jehovah’s Witnesses are expected to obey their dictates on pain of excommunication. The Governing Body supervises the Society’s publi-cations and appoints a Branch Committee of three or more men in each of the 111 branches of the worldwide ...2022 Governing Body Update #5. A Governing Body member provides updates about recent milestones in translation and legal victories. He also shares encouraging interviews that highlight what helped brothers and sisters to endure persecution in the former Soviet Union.

The governing body of Jehovah’s Witnesses continue to deny the findings of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Despite the above cited statement published by the Child Abuse Royal Commission, Bennett QC and Gibson wrote in their commissioned report to Watchtower Australia and the Jehovah’s Witnesses .... Principal academics.jpeg

governing body of jehovahpercent27s witnesses

2022 Governing Body Update #5. A Governing Body member provides updates about recent milestones in translation and legal victories. He also shares encouraging interviews that highlight what helped brothers and sisters to endure persecution in the former Soviet Union.The Governing Body. 953 likes. The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses claims to speak for GodOn february 22, 2023, anthony morris iii was officially removed from the governing body of jehovah's witnesses. the organization made the announcement via a short notice on its website. Jehovah S Witness Leader Preaches Against Tight Pants Says Gays Are Pushing Them Audio. Jehovah S Witness Leader Preaches Against Tight Pants Says Gays Are ...2021 Governing Body Update #10. A Governing Body member provides pandemic-related updates. He also shares encouraging experiences that illustrate how to make good use of our time during the pandemic.During the presidencies of Nathan H. Knorr and Frederick W. Franz, there were no black or Hispanic leaders among Jehovah’s Witnesses, aside from a few rank and file elders and circuit overseers. It was not until 1999 that a black man, Samuel Herd, was appointed to the position of Governing Body member.Jehovah's Witnesses are sincere people genuinely striving to do God's will in their lives. Like us, they go about their daily routines, struggle with life's concerns, and engage in spiritual ...The Watchtower is not new to gaslighting. Back after the 1975 fiasco and hundreds of thousands of Jehovah’s Witnesses were stumbled, an article came out in the March 15, 1980, WT acknowledging the whole mess. However, instead of taking responsibility, the WT laid the blame on those who bought into the hype.All Governing Body members take vows to Lucifer, they promise to bring Lucifer one blood sacrifice per year. They don’t want JWs to die just because of a disease, but they want it to be as bloody as possible. The younger the victim, the better, the bloodier, the better. The more the person suffers, the better.Good morning Eric, Watchtower 1/5/2005: Who will be resurrected. Paragraph 10: So whether by the earth opening and swallowing them or by fire consuming them as in the case of Korah and the 250 Levites who sided with him, all these rebels ended up in Sheol, or Hades.—Numbers 26:10. paragraph 17 this is what it says concerning the ringleaders—Korah, Dathan, and Abiram: Many who read this ...2021 Governing Body Update #9. A Governing Body member provides encouragement and shares experiences from the pilot program to resume in-person meetings. NEWS RELEASES.We are happy to help those interested in the Bible or in our worldwide work. Use one of the following options to contact Jehovah’s Witnesses in your area. Request a visit from one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Find a location of the next annual Memorial observance. Find a convention of Jehovah’s ...Jehovah's Witnesses are sincere people genuinely striving to do God's will in their lives. Like us, they go about their daily routines, struggle with life's concerns, and engage in spiritual ... .

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